Baby tyrannosaurid bones and teeth from the Late Cretaceous of western North America1

Publication: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
25 January 2021

Abstract

Tyrannosaurids were the apex predators of Late Cretaceous Laurasia and their status as dominant carnivores has garnered considerable interest since their discovery, both in the popular and scientific realms. As a result, they are well studied and much is known of their anatomy, diversity, growth, and evolution. In contrast, little is known of the earliest stages of tyrannosaurid development. Tyrannosaurid eggs and embryos remain elusive, and juvenile specimens — although known — are rare. Perinatal tyrannosaurid bones and teeth from the Campanian–Maastrichtian of western North America provide the first window into this critical period of the life of a tyrannosaurid. An embryonic dentary (cf. Daspletosaurus) from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana, measuring just 3 cm long, already exhibits distinctive tyrannosaurine characters like a “chin” and a deep Meckelian groove, and reveals the earliest stages of tooth development. When considered together with a remarkably large embryonic ungual from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, minimum hatchling size of tyrannosaurids can be roughly estimated. A perinatal premaxillary tooth from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation likely pertains to Albertosaurus sarcophagus and it shows small denticles on the carinae. This tooth shows that the hallmark characters that distinguish tyrannosaurids from other theropods were present early in life and raises questions about the ontogenetic variability of serrations in premaxillary teeth. Sedimentary and taphonomic similarities in the sites that produced the embryonic bones provide clues to the nesting habits of tyrannosaurids and may help to refine the prospecting search image in the continued quest to discover baby tyrannosaurids.

Résumé

Les tyrannosauridés étaient les prédateurs apicaux de la Laurasie au Crétacé tardif, et leur statut de carnivores dominants a suscité un intérêt considérable depuis leur découverte, tant au sein du grand public que dans les milieux scientifiques. Ils sont par conséquent bien étudiés, et les connaissances sur leur anatomie, leur diversité, leur croissance et leur évolution sont vastes. En revanche, on en sait peu sur les premières étapes de leur développement. Les œufs et embryons de tyrannosauridés manquent toujours à l’appel et, bien que certains soient connus, les spécimens juvéniles sont rares. Des os et dents de tyrannosauridés périnataux du Campanien–Maastrichtien de l’ouest de l’Amérique du Nord constituent la première fenêtre sur cette période clé de la vie d’un tyrannosauridé. Un os dentaire embryonnaire (cf. Daspletosaurus) de la Formation de Two Medicine, au Montana, faisant seulement 3 cm de long, présente déjà des caractères distinctifs des tyrannosaurinés, comme un « menton » et un profond sillon de Meckel, et révèle les toutes premières étapes du développement des dents. Ces observations, combinées à une phalange unguéale embryonnaire remarquablement longue de la Formation de Horseshoe Canyon en Alberta, permettent d’estimer grossièrement la taille minimum de tyrannosauridés nouvellement éclos. Une dent prémaxillaire périnatale de la Formation de Horseshoe Canyon appartient probablement à Albertosaurus sarcophagus et présente de petits denticules sur les carènes. Cette dent démontre que les caractères typiques qui distinguent les tyrannosauridés d’autres théropodes étaient présents tôt durant la vie et soulève des questions concernant la variabilité ontogénétique de dentelures sur les dents prémaxillaires. Des similitudes sédimentaires et taphonomiques dans les sites qui ont produit des ossements d’embryons fournissent des indices sur les habitudes de nidification des tyrannosauridés et pourraient aider à préciser l’image recherchée pour la prospection dans la quête continue de bébés de tyrannosauridé. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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Published In

cover image Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Volume 58Number 9September 2021
Pages: 756 - 777

History

Received: 11 September 2020
Accepted: 17 November 2020
Version of record online: 25 January 2021

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Key Words

  1. Tyrannosauridae
  2. embryo
  3. Theropoda
  4. Cretaceous
  5. North America

Mots-clés

  1. tyrannosauridés
  2. embryon
  3. théropodes
  4. Crétacé
  5. Amérique du Nord

Authors

Affiliations

Gregory F. Funston Gregory.Funston@ed.ac.uk
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK.
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
Mark J. Powers
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
S. Amber Whitebone
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
Stephen L. Brusatte
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK.
John B. Scannella
Museum of the Rockies, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.
John R. Horner
Honors Program, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, USA.
Philip J. Currie*
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.

Notes

*
P.J. Currie served as a Guest Editor; peer review and editorial decisions regarding this manuscript were handled by Kathlyn Stewart and Jordan Mallon.
1
This paper is part of a series of invited papers in honour of palaeontologist Dr. Dale Alan Russell (1937–2019).
Copyright remains with the author(s) or their institution(s). Permission for reuse (free in most cases) can be obtained from copyright.com.

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