Physical activity in prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome
Publication: Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
3 February 2007
Abstract
Randomised controlled trials have shown that exercise training has a mild or moderate favourable effect on many metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors that constitute or are related to the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Epidemiological studies suggest that regular physical activity prevents type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality in large part through these risk factors. Although randomized controlled trials with the prevention or treatment of the MetS as the main outcome have not been published, several large randomized controlled trials provide strong evidence that favourable lifestyle changes, including regular physical activity, are effective in the prevention of type 2 diabetes in individuals who are overweight and have impaired glucose tolerance. Compliance with the current recommendations to increase the total volume of moderate-intensity physical activity and to maintain good cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness appears to markedly decrease the likelihood of developing the MetS, especially in high-risk groups. Walking is the most common form of physical activity— it improves health in many ways and is generally safe. Therefore, brisk walking for at least 30 min daily can be recommended as the principal form of physical activity at the population level. If there are no contraindications, more vigorous physical exercise or resistance training should also be considered to obtain additional health benefits. Unstructured and low-intensity physical activity may also decrease the likelihood of developing the MetS, especially when substituted for sedentary behaviours such as watching television. The measurement of maximal oxygen consumption may provide an efficient means to target even individuals with relatively few metabolic risk factors who may benefit from more intensive intervention.
Résumé
Des études expérimentales ont démontré que l’entraînement physique entraîne un effet favorable de léger à modéré sur des facteurs de risque métabolique et cardiovasculaire définissant ou s’associant au syndrome métabolique (MetS). D’après des études épidémiologiques, la pratique régulière de l’activité physique préviendrait en grande partie le diabète de type 2, les maladies cardiovasculaires et les décès prématurés notamment par son action sur ces facteurs de risque. Même s’il n’y a pas d’études expérimentales publiées dont l’objet est la prévention et le traitement du Mets, d’importantes études expérimentales ont démontré que des modifications dans le bon sens du mode de vie comme la pratique de l’activité physique contribuent efficacement à la prévention du diabète de type 2 chez des individus présentant un surplus de poids et une intolérance au glucose. Si les groupes à haut risque adoptent les recommandations d’accroître la quantité d’activité physique d’intensité modérée et se donnent une bonne capacité cardiovasculaire et une bonne capacité musculaire, ils réduiront notablement le risque de développer le MetS. La marche est l’activité physique la plus pratiquée; sécuritaire, elle améliore aussi la santé de plusieurs façons. Par conséquent, il y a donc lieu de recommander à la population en général la pratique de la marche rapide d’une durée d’au moins 30 min tous les jours. En l’absence de contre-indications, on peut recommander d’ajouter plus de vigueur dans les efforts physiques ou de l’entraînement à la force pour plus de bénéfices sur le plan de la santé. La pratique en dilettante de l’activité physique de faible intensité peut réduire le risque de développer le MetS notamment quand elle se substitue à une activité sédentaire comme regarder la télévision. La mesure de la consommation maximale d’oxygène peut constituer un moyen efficace d’identifier des individus qui présentent peu de facteurs de risque métabolique et qui peuvent bénéficier d’une pratique plus intense.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Alberti, K.G., and Zimmet, P.Z. 1998. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet. Med. 15: 539–553.
Alberti, K.G., Zimmet, P., and Shaw, J. 2005. The metabolic syndrome–a new worldwide definition. Lancet, 366: 1059–1062.
Andersen, R.E., Wadden, T.A., Bartlett, S.J., Zemel, B., Verde, T.J., and Franckowiak, S.C. 1999. Effects of lifestyle activity vs. structured aerobic exercise in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA, 281: 335–340.
Anton, M.M., Cortez-Cooper, M., Devan, A.E., Neidre, D., Cook, J.N., and Tanaka, H. 2006. Resistance training increases basal limb blood flow and vascular conductance in aging humans. J. Appl. Physiol.
Ardern, C., and Janssen, I. 2007. Metabolic syndrome and its association with morbidity and mortality. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32: this issue.
Arroll, B., and Beaglehole, R. 1992. Does physical activity lower blood pressure: a critical review of the clinical trials. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 45: 439–447.
Ballor, D.L., and Keesey, R.E. 1991. A meta-analysis of the factors affecting exercise-induced changes in body mass, fat mass and fat-free mass in males and females. Int. J. Obes. 15: 717–726.
Barengo, N.C., Hu, G., Lakka, T.A., Pekkarinen, H., Nissinen, A., and Tuomilehto, J. 2004. Low physical activity as a predictor for ttal and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men and women in Finland. Eur. Heart J. 25: 2204–2211.
Bouchard, C., and Rankinen, T. 2001. Individual differences in response to regular physical activity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33: S446–S451, S452–S443.
Braith, R.W., and Stewart, K.J. 2006. Resistance exercise training: its role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 113: 2642–2650.
Brien, S.E., and Katzmarzyk, P.T. 2006. Physical activity and the metabolic syndrome in Canada. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 31: 40–47.
Castaneda, C., Layne, J.E., Munoz-Orians, L., Gordon, P.L., Walsmith, J., Foldvari, M., et al. 2002. A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training to improve glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 25: 2335–2341.
Church, T.S., Barlow, C.E., Earnest, C.P., Kampert, J.B., Priest, E.L., and Blair, S.N. 2002. Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and C-reactive protein in men. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 22: 1869–1876.
Coakley, E.H., Rimm, E.B., Colditz, G., Kawachi, I., and Willett, W. 1998. Predictors of weight change in men: results from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 22: 89–96.
Cornelissen, V.A., and Fagard, R.H. 2005. Effect of resistance training on resting blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Hypertens. 23: 251–259.
Cuff, D.J., Meneilly, G.S., Martin, A., Ignaszewski, A., Tildesley, H.D., and Frohlich, J.J. 2003. Effective exercise modality to reduce insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 26: 2977–2982.
Desroches, S., and Lamarche, B. 2007. The evolving definitions and increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32: in press.
Dickinson, H.O., Mason, J.M., Nicolson, D.J., Campbell, F., Beyer, F.R., Cook, J.V., et al. 2006. Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J. Hypertens. 24: 215–233.
Dionne, I.J., Melancon, M.O., Brochu, M., Ades, P.A., and Poelhman, E.T. 2004. Age-related differences in metabolic adaptations following resistance training in women. Exp. Gerontol. 39: 133–138.
Donnelly, J.E., Hill, J.O., Jacobsen, D.J., Potteiger, J., Sullivan, D.K., Johnson, S.L., et al. 2003. Effects of a 16-month randomized controlled exercise trial on body weight and composition in young, overweight men and women: the Midwest Exercise Trial. Arch. Intern. Med. 163: 1343–1350.
Dunn, A.L., Marcus, B.H., Kampert, J.B., Garcia, M.E., Kohl, H.W., 3rd, and Blair, S.N. 1999. Comparison of lifestyle and structured interventions to increase physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized trial. JAMA, 281: 327–334.
Dunstan, D.W., Daly, R.M., Owen, N., Jolley, D., De Courten, M., Shaw, J., et al. 2002. High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 25: 1729–1736.
Ekelund, U., Brage, S., Franks, P.W., Hennings, S., Emms, S., and Wareham, N.J. 2005. Physical activity energy expenditure predicts progression toward the metabolic syndrome independently of aerobic fitness in middle-aged healthy Caucasians: the Medical Research Council Ely Study. Diabetes Care, 28: 1195–1200.
Eriksson, K.F., and Lindgarde, F. 1991. Prevention of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise. The 6-year Malmo feasibility study. Diabetologia, 34: 891–898.
Erlichman, J., Kerbey, A.L., and James, W.P. 2002. Physical activity and its impact on health outcomes. Paper 2. Prevention of unhealthy weight gain and obesity by physical activity: an analysis of the evidence. Obes. Rev. 3: 273–287.
Evans, W. 1997. Functional and metabolic consequences of sarcopenia. J. Nutr. 127(Suppl. 5): 998S–1003S.
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. 2001. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285(19): 2486–2497.
Fogelholm, M., and Kukkonen-Harjula, K. 2000. Does physical activity prevent weight gain–a systematic review. Obes. Rev. 1: 95–111.
Franks, P.W., Ekelund, U., Brage, S., Wong, M.Y., and Wareham, N.J. 2004. Does the association of habitual physical activity with the metabolic syndrome differ by level of cardiorespiratory fitness? Diabetes Care, 27: 1187–1193.
Garrow, J.S., and Summerbell, C.D. 1995. Meta-analysis: effect of exercise, with or without dieting, on the body composition of overweight subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 49: 1–10.
Green, D.J., Maiorana, A., O'Driscoll, G., and Taylor, R. 2004. Effect of exercise training on endothelium-derived nitric oxide function in humans. J. Physiol. 561: 1–25.
Grundy, S.M., Cleeman, J.I., Daniels, S.R., Donato, K.A., Eckel, R.H., Franklin, B.A., et al. 2005. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement. Circulation, 112: 2735–2752.
Hambrecht, R., Wolf, A., Gielen, S., Linke, A., Hofer, J., Erbs, S., et al. 2000. Effect of exercise on coronary endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 342: 454–460.
Hansson, G.K. 2005. Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Artery Disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 352: 1685–1695.
Haskell, W.L. 1984. The influence of exercise on the concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol in human plasma. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 12: 205–244.
Helmrich, S.P., Ragland, D.R., Leung, R.W., and Paffenbarger, R.S., Jr. 1991. Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 325: 147–152.
Henriksen, E.J. 2002. Invited Review: Effects of acute exercise and exercise training on insulin resistance. J. Appl. Physiol. 93: 788–796.
Holloszy, J.O. 2005. Exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity. J. Appl. Physiol. 99: 338–343.
Holten, M.K., Zacho, M., Gaster, M., Juel, C., Wojtaszewski, J.F., and Dela, F. 2004. Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose uptake, GLUT4 content, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 53: 294–305.
Hu, F.B., Leitzmann, M.F., Stampfer, M.J., Colditz, G.A., Willett, W.C., and Rimm, E.B. 2001. Physical activity and television watching in relation to risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in men. Arch. Intern. Med. 161: 1542–1548.
Hu, F.B., Li, T.Y., Colditz, G.A., Willett, W.C., and Manson, J.E. 2003a. Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA, 289: 1785–1791.
Hu, G., Qiao, Q., Silventoinen, K., Eriksson, J.G., Jousilahti, P., Lindstrom, J. et al. 2003b. Occupational, commuting, and leisure-time physical activity in relation to risk for type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Finnish men and women. Diabetiologia, 46: 322–329.
Hu, G., Eriksson, J., Barengo, N.C., Lakka, T.A., Valle, T., Nissinen, A. et al. 2004. Occupational, commuting, and leisure-time physical activity in relation to total and cardiovascular mortality among Finnish subjects with type 2 diabetes. Circulation, 110: 666–673.
Hu, G., Sarti, C., Jousilahti, P., Silventoinen, K., Barengo, N.C., and Tuomilehto, J. 2005. Leisure time, occupational, and commuting physical activity and the risk of stroke. Stroke, 36: 1994–1999.
Hu, G., Jousilahti, P., Borodulin, K., Barengo, N.C., Lakka, T.A., Nissinen, A. et al. 2006. Occupational, commuting and leisure-time physical activity in relation to coronary heart disease among middle-aged Finnish men and women. Atherosclerosis,in press.
Hunter, G.R., Bryan, D.R., Wetzstein, C.J., Zuckerman, P.A., and Bamman, M.M. 2002. Resistance training and intra-abdominal adipose tissue in older men and women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 34: 1023–1028.
Hunter, G.R., McCarthy, J.P., and Bamman, M.M. 2004. Effects of resistance training on older adults. Sports Med. 34: 329–348.
Huttunen, J.K., Lansimies, E., Voutilainen, E., Ehnholm, C., Hietanen, E., Penttila, I., et al. 1979. Effect of moderate physical exercise on serum lipoproteins. A controlled clinical trial with special reference to serum high-density lipoproteins. Circulation, 60: 1220–1229.
Hurley, B.F., and Roth, S.M. 2000. Strength training in the elderly: effects on risk factors for age-related diseases. Sports Med. 30: 249–268.
Irwin, M.L., Ainsworth, B.E., Mayer-Davis, E.J., Addy, C.L., Pate, R.R., and Durstine, J.L. 2002. Physical activity and the metabolic syndrome in a tri-ethnic sample of women. Obes. Res. 10: 1030–1037.
Irwin, M.L., Yasui, Y., Ulrich, C.M., Bowen, D., Rudolph, R.E., Schwartz, R.S., et al. 2003. Effect of exercise on total and intra-abdominal body fat in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 289: 323–330.
Ivy, J.L. 1997. Role of exercise training in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Sports Med. 24: 321–336.
Jakicic, J.M., Marcus, B.H., Gallagher, K.I., Napolitano, M., and Lang, W. 2003. Effect of exercise duration and intensity on weight loss in overweight, sedentary women: a randomized trial. JAMA, 290: 1323–1330.
Janssen, I., and Ross, R. 2005. Linking age-related changes in skeletal muscle mass and composition with metabolism and disease. J. Nutr. Health Aging, 9: 408–419.
Jeffery, R.W., McGuire, M.T., and French, S.A. 2002. Prevalence and correlates of large weight gains and losses. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 26: 969–972.
Jeffery, R.W., Wing, R.R., Sherwood, N.E., and Tate, D.F. 2003. Physical activity and weight loss: does prescribing higher physical activity goals improve outcome? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 78: 684–689.
Jurca, R., Lamonte, M.J., Church, T.S., Earnest, C.P., Fitzgerald, S.J., Barlow, C.E., et al. 2004. Associations of muscle strength and fitness with metabolic syndrome in men. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 36: 1301–1307.
Jurca, R., Lamonte, M.J., Barlow, C.E., Kampert, J.B., Church, T.S., and Blair, S.N. 2005. Association of muscular strength with incidence of metabolic syndrome in men. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37: 1849–1855.
Kahn, R., Buse, J., Ferrannini, E., and Stern, M. 2005. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 28: 2289–2304.
Kannus, P., Uusi-Rasi, K., Palvanen, M., and Parkkari, J. 2005. Non-pharmacological means to prevent fractures among older adults. Ann. Med. 37: 303–310.
Kasapis, C., and Thompson, P.D. 2005. The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: a systematic review. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45: 1563–1569.
Katzmarzyk, P.T., and Craig, C.L. 2006. Independent effects of waist circumference and physical activity on all-cause mortality in Canadian women. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 31: 271–276.
Katzmarzyk, P.T., Leon, A.S., Wilmore, J.H., Skinner, J.S., Rao, D.C., Rankinen, T., et al. 2003. Targeting the metabolic syndrome with exercise: evidence from the HERITAGE Family Study. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35: 1703–1709.
Kelley, D.E. 2005. Skeletal muscle fat oxidation: timing and flexibility are everything. J. Clin. Invest. 115: 1699–1702.
Kenney, M.J., and Seals, D.R. 1993. Postexercise hypotension. Key features, mechanisms, and clinical significance. Hypertension, 22: 653–664.
Kim, J.A., Montagnani, M., Koh, K.K., and Quon, M.J. 2006. Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation, 113: 1888–1904.
Knowler, W.C., Barrett-Connor, E., Fowler, S.E., Hamman, R.F., Lachin, J.M., Walker, E.A., et al. 2002. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N. Engl. J. Med. 346: 393–403.
Kraus, W.E., Houmard, J.A., Duscha, B.D., Knetzger, K.J., Wharton, M.B., McCartney, J.S., et al. 2002. Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. N. Engl. J. Med. 347: 1483–1492.
Kullo, I.J., Hensrud, D.D., and Allison, T.G. 2002. Relation of low cardiorespiratory fitness to the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men. Am. J. Cardiol. 90: 795–797.
Laaksonen, D.E., Atalay, M., Niskanen, L.K., Mustonen, J., Sen, C.K., Lakka, T.A., et al. 2000. Aerobic exercise and the lipid profile in type 1 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 32: 1541–1548.
Laaksonen, D.E., Lakka, H.M., Niskanen, L.K., Kaplan, G.A., Salonen, J.T., and Lakka, T.A. 2002a. Metabolic syndrome and development of diabetes mellitus: application and validation of recently suggested definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a prospective cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 156: 1070–1077.
Laaksonen, D.E., Lakka, H.M., Salonen, J.T., Niskanen, L.K., Rauramaa, R., and Lakka, T.A. 2002b. Low levels of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness predict development of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care, 25: 1612–1618.
Laaksonen, D.E., Niskanen, L., Lakka, H.M., Lakka, T.A., and Uusitupa, M. 2004. Epidemiology and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Ann. Med. 36: 332–346.
Laaksonen, D.E., Lindström, J., Lakka, T.A., Eriksson, J.G., Niskanen, L., Wikström, K., et al. 2005. Physical activity in the prevention of type 2 diabetes: the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes, 54: 158–165.
Lakka, H.M., Laaksonen, D.E., Lakka, T.A., Niskanen, L.K., Kumpusalo, E., Tuomilehto, J., et al. 2002. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA, 288: 2709–2716.
Lakka, T.A., Laaksonen, D.E., Lakka, H.M., Männikkö, N., Niskanen, L.K., Rauramaa, R., et al. 2003. Sedentary lifestyle, poor cardiorespiratory fitness and the metabolic syndrome. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35: 1279–1286.
Lakka, T.A., Venäläinen, J.M., Rauramaa, R., Salonen, R., Tuomilehto, J., and Salonen, J.T. 1994. Relation of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to the risk of acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 330: 1549–1554.
Lakka, T.A., Lakka, H.M., Rankinen, T., Leon, A.S., Rao, D.C., Skinner, J.S., et al. 2005. Effect of exercise training on plasma levels of C-reactive protein in healthy adults: the HERITAGE Family Study. Eur. Heart J. 26: 2018–2025.
Lee, S., Kuk, J.L., Davidson, L.E., Hudson, R., Kilpatrick, K., Graham, T.E., et al. 2005. Exercise without weight loss is an effective strategy for obesity reduction in obese individuals with and without type 2 diabetes. J. Appl. Physiol. 99: 1220–1225.
Lee, S., Kuk, J.L., Katzmarzyk, P.T., Blair, S.N., Church, T.N., and Ross, R. 2005. Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates metabolic risk independent of abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat in men. Diabetes Care, 28: 895–901.
Leon, A.S., and Sanchez, O.A. 2001. Response of blood lipids to exercise training alone or combined with dietary intervention. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33: S502–S515, S528–S509.
Liese, A.D., Mayer-Davis, E.J., and Haffner, S.M. 1998. Development of the multiple metabolic syndrome: an epidemiologic perspective. Epidemiol. Rev. 20: 157–172.
Manson, J.E., Hu, F.B., Rich-Edwards, J.W., Colditz, G.A., Stampfer, M.J., Willett, W.C., et al. 1999. A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 341: 650–658.
Marcell, T.J., McAuley, K.A., Traustadottir, T., and Reaven, P.D. 2005. Exercise training is not associated with improved levels of C-reactive protein or adiponectin. Metabolism, 54: 533–541.
Mattusch, F., Dufaux, B., Heine, O., Mertens, I., and Rost, R. 2000. Reduction of the plasma concentration of C-reactive protein following nine months of endurance training. Int. J. Sports Med. 21: 21–24.
Miller, J.P., Pratley, R.E., Goldberg, A.P., Gordon, P., Rubin, M., Treuth, M.S., et al. 1994. Strength training increases insulin action in healthy 50- to 65-yr-old men. J. Appl. Physiol. 77: 1122–1127.
Obisesan, T.O., Leeuwenburgh, C., Phillips, T., Ferrell, R.E., Phares, D.A., Prior, S.J., et al. 2004. C-reactive protein genotypes affect baseline, but not exercise training-induced changes, in C-reactive protein levels. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24: 1874–1879.
Orchard, T.J., Temprosa, M., Goldberg, R., Haffner, S., Ratner, R., Marcovina, S., et al. 2005. The effect of metformin and intensive lifestyle intervention on the metabolic syndrome: the Diabetes Prevention Program randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 142: 611–619.
Paffenbarger, R.S., Jr., Hyde, R.T., Wing, A.L., and Hsieh, C.C. 1986. Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. N. Engl. J. Med. 314: 605–613.
Pan, X.R., Li, G.W., Hu, Y.H., Wang, J.X., Yang, W.Y., An, Z.X., et al. 1997. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care, 20: 537–544.
Pate, R.R., Pratt, M., Blair, S.N., Haskell, W.L., Macera, C.A., Bouchard, C., et al. 1995. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA, 273: 402–407.
Pescatello, L.S., Franklin, B.A., Fagard, R., Farquhar, W.B., Kelley, G.A., and Ray, C.A. 2004. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and hypertension. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 36: 533–553.
Polak, J., Moro, C., Klimcakova, E., Hejnova, J., Majercik, M., Viguerie, N., et al. 2005. Dynamic strength training improves insulin sensitivity and functional balance between adrenergic alpha 2A and beta pathways in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese subjects. Diabetologia, 48: 2631–2640.
Powers, S.K., and Hamilton, K. 1999. Antioxidants and exercise. Clin. Sports Med. 18: 525–536.
Public Health Agency of Canada. 2006. Canada's physical activity guide to healthy living. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/pau-uap/paguide/.
Rakobowchuk, M., McGowan, C.L., de Groot, P.C., Hartman, J.W., Phillips, S.M., and MacDonald, M.J. 2005. Endothelial function of young healthy males following whole body resistance training. J. Appl. Physiol. 98: 2185–2190.
Rauramaa, R., Halonen, P., Väisänen, S.B., Lakka, T.A., Schmidt-Trucksass, A., Berg, A., et al. 2004. Effects of aerobic physical exercise on inflammation and atherosclerosis in men: the DNASCO Study: a six-year randomized, controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 140: 1007–1014.
Reaven, G.M. 1988. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes, 37: 1595–1607.
Rennie, K.L., McCarthy, N., Yazdgerdi, S., Marmot, M., and Brunner, E. 2003. Association of the metabolic syndrome with both vigorous and moderate physical activity. Int. J. Epidemiol. 32: 600–606.
Reynolds, T.H., 4th, Supiano, M.A., and Dengel, D.R. 2004. Resistance training enhances insulin-mediated glucose disposal with minimal effect on the tumor necrosis factor-alpha system in older hypertensives. Metabolism, 53: 397–402.
Rice, B., Janssen, I., Hudson, R., and Ross, R. 1999. Effects of aerobic or resistance exercise and/or diet on glucose tolerance and plasma insulin levels in obese men. Diabetes Care, 22: 684–691.
Ross, R. 2003. Does exercise without weight loss improve insulin sensitivity? Diabetes Care, 26: 944–945.
Ross, R., and Janssen, I. 2001. Physical activity, total and regional obesity: dose-response considerations. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33: S521–S527discussion S528–529.
Ross, R., Dagnone, D., Jones, P.J., Smith, H., Paddags, A., Hudson, R., et al. 2000a. Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 133: 92–103.
Ross, R., Freeman, J.A., and Janssen, I. 2000b. Exercise alone is an effective strategy for reducing obesity and related comorbidities. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 28: 165–170.
Ross, R., Janssen, I., Dawson, J., Kungl, A.M., Kuk, J.L., Wong, S.L., et al. 2004. Exercise-induced reduction in obesity and insulin resistance in women: a randomized controlled trial. Obes. Res. 12: 789–798.
Saris, W.H., Blair, S.N., van Baak, M.A., Eaton, S.B., Davies, P.S., Di Pietro, L., et al. 2003. How much physical activity is enough to prevent unhealthy weight gain? Outcome of the IASO 1st Stock Conference and consensus statement. Obes. Rev. 4: 101–114.
Sen, C.K., and Packer, L. 1996. Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription. FASEB J. 10: 709–720.
Sesso, H.D., Paffenbarger, R.S., Jr., and Lee, I.M. 2000. Physical activity and coronary heart disease in men: The Harvard Alumni Health Study. Circulation, 102: 975–980.
Shaibi, G.Q., Cruz, M.L., Ball, G.D., Weigensberg, M.J., Salem, G.J., Crespo, N.C., et al. 2006. Effects of resistance training on insulin sensitivity in overweight Latino adolescent males. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 38: 1208–1215.
Slentz, C.A., Duscha, B.D., Johnson, J.L., Ketchum, K., Aiken, L.B., Samsa, G.P., et al. 2004. Effects of the amount of exercise on body weight, body composition, and measures of central obesity: STRRIDE–a randomized controlled study. Arch. Intern. Med. 164: 31–39.
Slentz, C.A., Aiken, L.B., Houmard, J.A., Bales, C.W., Johnson, J.L., Tanner, C.J., et al. 2005. Inactivity, exercise, and visceral fat. STRRIDE: a randomized, controlled study of exercise intensity and amount. J. Appl. Physiol. 99: 1613–1618.
Smith, J.K., Dykes, R., Douglas, J.E., Krishnaswamy, G., and Berk, S. 1999. Long-term exercise and atherogenic activity of blood mononuclear cells in persons at risk of developing ischemic heart disease. JAMA, 281: 1722–1727.
Stefanick, M.L., Mackey, S., Sheehan, M., Ellsworth, N., Haskell, W.L., and Wood, P.D. 1998. Effects of diet and exercise in men and postmenopausal women with low levels of HDL cholesterol and high levels of LDL cholesterol. N. Engl. J. Med. 339: 12–20.
Tanasescu, M., Leitzmann, M.F., Rimm, E.B., Willett, W.C., Stampfer, M.J., and Hu, F.B. 2002. Exercise type and intensity in relation to coronary heart disease in men. JAMA, 288: 1994–2000.
Teran-Garcia, M., and Bouchard, C. 2007 Genetics of metabolic syndrome. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32: this issue.
Thompson, P.D., Crouse, S.F., Goodpaster, B., Kelley, D., Moyna, N., and Pescatello, L. 2001. The acute versus the chronic response to exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33: Suppl. 6, S438–S445discussion S452–453.
Thompson, P.D., Buchner, D., Pina, I.L., Balady, G.J., Williams, M.A., Marcus, B.H., et al. 2003. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Circulation, 107: 3109–3116.
Tisi, P.V., Hulse, M., Chulakadabba, A., Gosling, P., and Shearman, C.P. 1997. Exercise training for intermittent claudication: does it adversely affect biochemical markers of the exercise-induced inflammatory response? Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 14: 344–350.
Treuth, M.S., Hunter, G.R., Kekes-Szabo, T., Weinsier, R.L., Goran, M.I., and Berland, L. 1995. Reduction in intra-abdominal adipose tissue after strength training in older women. J. Appl. Physiol. 78: 1425–1431.
Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J.G., Valle, T.T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., et al. 2001. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N. Engl. J. Med. 344: 1343–1350.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1996. Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, p. 1–300.
Vider, J., Laaksonen, D.E., Kilk, A., Atalay, M., Lehtmaa, J., Zilmer, M., et al. 2001. Physical exercise induces activation of NF-kappaB in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 3: 1131–1137.
Wannamethee, S.G., Shaper, A.G., and Walker, M. 1998. Changes in physical activity, mortality, and incidence of coronary heart disease in older men. Lancet, 351: 1603–1608.
Whelton, S.P., Chin, A., Xin, X., and He, J. 2002. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann. Intern. Med. 136: 493–503.
Willey, K.A., and Singh, M.A. 2003. Battling insulin resistance in elderly obese people with type 2 diabetes: bring on the heavy weights. Diabetes Care, 26: 1580–1588.
Williams, P.T., Krauss, R.M., Stefanick, M.L., Vranizan, K.M., and Wood, P.D. 1994. Effects of low-fat diet, calorie restriction, and running on lipoprotein subfraction concentrations in moderately overweight men. Metabolism, 43: 655–663.
Wilmore, J.H. 2001. Dose-response: variation with age, sex, and health status. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33: S622–S634, S640–S621.
Wilmore, J.H., Despres, J.P., Stanforth, P.R., Mandel, S., Rice, T., Gagnon, J., et al. 1999. Alterations in body weight and composition consequent to 20 week of endurance training: the HERITAGE Family Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70: 346–352.
Wojtaszewski, J.F., Birk, J.B., Frosig, C., Holten, M., Pilegaard, H., and Dela, F. 2005. 5′AMP activated protein kinase expression in human skeletal muscle: effects of strength training and type 2 diabetes. J. Physiol. 564: 563–573.
World Health Organization. 2000. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. WHO Technical Report Series, 894. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
You, T., Berman, D.M., Ryan, A.S., and Nicklas, B.J. 2004. Effects of hypocaloric diet and exercise training on inflammation and adipocyte lipolysis in obese postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89: 1739–1746.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
Volume 32 • Number 1 • February 2007
Pages: 76 - 88
History
Received: 6 September 2006
Revision received: 27 October 2006
Accepted: 30 October 2006
Version of record online: 3 February 2007
Key Words
Mots-clés
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Other Metrics
Citations
Cite As
Timo A.LakkaT.A. Lakka and David E.LaaksonenD.E. Laaksonen. 2007. Physical activity in prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism.
32(1): 76-88. https://doi.org/10.1139/h06-113
Export Citations
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
1. Anthropometric Changes in Female Participants Enrolled in a Combined Aerobic and Resistance Training Program for Longer than 1 Year: A Cohort Study
2. Associations of Combined Physical Activity and Body Mass Index with Metabolic Syndrome in American Adults: From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2017–2020
3. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its association with rapid weight loss among former elite combat sports athletes in Serbia
4. Changes in Exercise Performance in Patients During a 6-Week Inpatient Psychiatric Rehabilitation Program and Associated Effects on Depressive Symptoms
5. 25-year trajectories of physical activity and atrial fibrillation risk: results from the ARIC study
6. The Relationship Between Metabolic Syndrome with Physical Activity and Eating Habits: The Result of the Tabari Cohort Study
7. Far from the walking pace. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of the suboptimal locomotion speeds in non‐adult humans
8. A Qualitative Study of the Knowledge of Metabolic Syndrome, Attitudes about Lifestyle Modifications, and Preferences for Lifestyle Interventions among Patients with Cancer and Metabolic Syndrome
9. Effects of MIND diet and propolis supplementation on metabolic syndrome indices and cognitive function among patients with metabolic syndrome in Isfahan, Iran, 2024. A rationale and study protocol for randomized controlled trial
10. The effects of MIND diet and propolis supplementation on metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled clinical trial
11. Enjoyment and Affective Responses to Moderate and High-Intensity Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Individuals with Subsyndromal PTSD
12. A Narrative Review on Adipose Tissue and Overtraining: Shedding Light on the Interplay among Adipokines, Exercise and Overtraining
13. Assessing the Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Interventions through the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 on Disability—A Systematic Review
14. Prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity and healthy overweight and the associated factors in southern Iran: A population‐based cross‐sectional study
15. Motor unit activity and synaptic inputs to motoneurons in the caudal part of the injured spinal cord
16. Physical Exercise–Induced DNA Methylation in Disease-Related Genes in Healthy Adults—A Systematic Review With Bioinformatic Analysis
17. Saengmaeksan, a traditional polyherbal formulation containing Panax ginseng, improves energy metabolism during exercise
18. Epigallocatechin gallate as a nutraceutical to potentially target the metabolic syndrome: novel insights into therapeutic effects beyond its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
19. Role of exercise in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome
20. Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of falls in the elderly
21. Role of gender in explaining metabolic syndrome risk factors in an Iranian rural population using structural equation modelling
22. The contributions of neighbourhood design in promoting metabolic health
23. A Qualitative Study of Knowledge of Metabolic Syndrome, Attitudes about Lifestyle Modifications, and Preferences for Lifestyle Interventions among Patients with Cancer and Metabolic Syndrome
24. Nutraceutical management of metabolic syndrome as a palliative and a therapeutic to coronavirus disease (COVID) crisis
25. Irisin pathways in hearts of Type 1 diabetic adult male rats following 6 weeks of moderate and high-volume aerobic exercise on a treadmill
26. Diet Quality, Physical Activity, and Weight Changes and Their Association With 6-Year Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Mexican Adults
27. Better Option for Improving Metabolic Syndrome: Consideration of the Amount and Duration of Resistance Exercise or Physical Activity
28. The effect of sumac supplementation on insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and antioxidant capacity in adults with metabolic syndrome: A randomized crossover clinical trial
29. Wearable and digital devices to monitor and treat metabolic diseases
30. Systematic Review: Landscape Characteristics Correlated with Physical Activity of the Elderly People
31. Benefits of a Plant-Based Diet in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and The Use of Eggs in This Dietary Pattern: A Review
32. Association between Physical Activity, Body Composition, and Metabolic Disorders in Middle-Aged Women of Ksar el Kebir (Morocco)
33. Anti-Obesity Effects of Metformin: A Scoping Review Evaluating the Feasibility of Brown Adipose Tissue as a Therapeutic Target
34. Férfi fizikai dolgozók testösszetételének jellemzői: középpontban az életkor
35. Adipocyte Metabolism and Health after the Menopause: The Role of Exercise
36. Desk based prompts to replace workplace sitting with stair climbing; a pilot study of acceptability, effects on behaviour and disease risk factors
37. Association between handgrip strength and metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis and systematic review
38. The Difference in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome According to Meeting Guidelines for Aerobic Physical Activity and Muscle-Strengthening Exercise: A Cross-Sectional Study Performed Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014–2019
39. Effects of Recreational Physical Activity on Abdominal Obesity in Obese South Korean Adults
40. The Burden of Carbohydrates in Health and Disease
41. The association between workplace built environment and metabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis
42. Nanogenerator-Based Wireless Intelligent Motion Correction System for Storing Mechanical Energy of Human Motion
43. Current Research on the Effects of Non-Digestible Carbohydrates on Metabolic Disease
44. Metabolic health, menopause, and physical activity—a 4-year follow-up study
45. High School Football and Risk for Depression and Suicidality in Adulthood: Findings From a National Longitudinal Study
46. The role of metabolic syndrome in sudden cardiac death risk: Recent evidence and future directions
47. The role of positive psychological constructs in diet and eating behavior among people with metabolic syndrome: A qualitative study
48. Effects of a psychosocial intervention at one-year follow-up in a PREDIMED-plus sample with obesity and metabolic syndrome
49. Cardiovascular risk moderates the effect of aerobic exercise on executive functions in older adults with subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment
50. Daily stair climbing is associated with decreased risk for the metabolic syndrome
51. Reshaping the path of vascular cognitive impairment with resistance training: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
52. Mobile diagnostics and consultation for the prevention of the metabolic syndrome and its secondary diseases in Brandenburg—study protocol of a regional prospective cohort study: the Mobile Brandenburg Cohort
53. Retrospection of Analytical Data Collected through Smart Devices for Diseases and Disability Caused by Physical Inactivity
54. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome in South Asians: prevention and management
55. Exercise as Medicine for Older Women
56. Isotemporal Substitution Analysis of Accelerometer-Derived Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity on Cardiometabolic Health in Korean Adults: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
57. Fast-Food Dietary Pattern Is Linked to Higher Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Older Canadian Adults
58. Relationship between metabolic syndrome and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among adults 18 years old and over
59. Culprits or consequences: Understanding the metabolic dysregulation of muscle in diabetes
60. Treatment with sera from Water Polo athletes activates AMPKα and ACC proteins In HepG2 hepatoma cell line
61. Dose–Response Relationships of Physical Activity with Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Korean Adults
62. A narrative review of exercise and obsessive-compulsive disorder
63. Estrogen Deprivation and Myocardial Infarction: Role of Aerobic Exercise Training, Inflammation and Metabolomics
64. Prevalence and risk factors in metabolic syndrome among Temiar in Kelantan
65. RETRACTED: Strength fitness control system and motor balance based on FPGA and wireless sensors
66. Changes in Metabolic Syndrome Status and Breast Cancer Risk: A Nationwide Cohort Study
67. Metabolic Syndrome and Dietary Habits in Hospitalized Patients with Schizophrenia: A Cross-Sectional Study
68. Physical exercise is associated with a reduction in inflammatory biomarkers in first-episode psychosis: A pilot study of CRP, SAA, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1
69. Treating diseases associated with metabolic syndrome
70. Employee Physical Activity: A Multidisciplinary Integrative Review
71. Physical Activity-Related Metabolites Are Associated with Mortality: Findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
72. The effect of active occupational stress management on psychosocial and physiological wellbeing: a pilot study
73. Associations of perceived neighborhood environment and physical activity with metabolic syndrome among Mexican–Americans adults: a cross sectional examination
74. How Do Positive Psychological Constructs Affect Physical Activity Engagement Among Individuals at High Risk for Chronic Health Conditions? A Qualitative Study
75. A community-based positive psychology group intervention to promote physical activity among people with metabolic syndrome: Proof of concept results to inform a pilot randomized controlled trial protocol
76. Changes in Some Inflammatory Indices in Men with Heart Failure after Eight Weeks of Continuous and Intermittent Aerobic Exercise
77. The Effects of Concurrent Training Combining Both Resistance Exercise and High-Intensity Interval Training or Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Metabolic Syndrome
78. Association Between Serum Retinol and α-Tocopherol Levels and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean General Population: Analysis of Population-Based Nationally Representative Data
79. Physical activity and lipidomics in a population at high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus
80. Effect of 12 Weeks of Aerobic Training on Liver Enzymes, Thyroid Hormones, and Anthropometric Indices of Obese Children
81. Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Ischemic Heart Disease: Prevention and Therapy by Exercise and Conditioning
82. Physical activity levels in American and Japanese men from the ERA-JUMP Study and associations with metabolic syndrome
83. The Effect of Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch. Consumption on Metabolic Syndrome Indices, Muscle Strength, and Cardio-respiratory Function in Active Middle-aged Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial
84. Biobehavioral Factors Related to the Development and Course of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Impairment in Adults: The Critical Role of Weight, Diet, Physical Activity, and Other Lifestyle Behaviors
85. Exercise and Type 1 Diabetes
86. Insulin resistance and heart disease
87. Leisure Time Physical Activity to Reduce Metabolic Syndrome Risk: A 10-Year Community-Based Prospective Study in Korea
88. Effects of urbanization on metabolic syndrome via dietary intake and physical activity in Chinese adults: Multilevel mediation analysis with latent centering
89. Physical activity, sedentary time and their associations with clustered metabolic risk among people with type 2 diabetes in Jiangsu province: a cross-sectional study
90. Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, Fetuin-B and Exercise Training
91. Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Risks in Different Groups of Hemodialysis Patients: A Multicenter Study
92. The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on White Matter Hyperintensity Progression May Vary by Sex
93. Comparison of the Serum Metabolic Fingerprint of Different Exercise Modes in Men with and without Metabolic Syndrome
94. Wuqinxi Qigong as an Alternative Exercise for Improving Risk Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
95. Sedentary behavior and metabolic syndrome in physically active adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003‐2006
96. Effects of an individualized rehabilitation program prescribed by perceived exertion in women with metabolic syndrome
97. Clustering of Metabolic Risk Components and Associated Lifestyle Factors: A Nationwide Adolescent Study in Taiwan
98. Metabolic Side Effects of Antipsychotic Medication: An Overview
99. Counting Footsteps with a Pedometer to Improve HMW Adiponectin and Metabolic Syndrome among Young Female Adults in the United Arab Emirates
100. Anthocyanins in the Management of Metabolic Syndrome: A Pharmacological and Biopharmaceutical Review
101. Geographical variation in the prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes among US adults
102. Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and its determinants among Nepalese adults: Findings from a nationally representative cross-sectional study
103. Inadequate dietary energy intake associates with higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in different groups of hemodialysis patients: a clinical observational study in multiple dialysis centers
104. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among university students: A systematic review
105. Development of tailored contents of a mobile health application to prevent the metabolic syndrome
106. Association between insulin resistance and objective measurement of physical activity in community-dwelling older adults without diabetes mellitus
107. A feasibility study of a physiotherapy-led motivational programme to increase physical activity and improve cardiometabolic risk in people with major mental illness
108. Victims of Chinese famine in early life have increased risk of metabolic syndrome in adulthood
109. Sleep Duration and Physical Activity Profiles Associated With Self-Reported Stroke in the United States: Application of Bayesian Belief Network Modeling Techniques
110. Aerobic, resistance or combined training: A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise to reduce cardiovascular risk in adults with metabolic syndrome
111. Increased Aerobic Fitness Is Associated with Cortical Thickness in Older Adults with Mild Vascular Cognitive Impairment
112. Effects of Walking on Coronary Heart Disease in Elderly Men with Diabetes
113. Systemic inflammation as a predictor of brain aging: Contributions of physical activity, metabolic risk, and genetic risk
114. Metabolic Syndrome in First Episode Schizophrenia, Based on the National Mental Health Registry of Schizophrenia (NMHR) in a General Hospital in Malaysia: A 10-Year Retrospective Cohort Study
115. Resistance training reduces metabolic syndrome and inflammatory markers in older women: A randomized controlled trial
116. In-Hospital Mortality and Post-Surgical Complications Among Cancer Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
117. The association of Mediterranean diet and exercise modifications with anthropometric parameters in a psychiatric community population: A pilot study
118. Metabolic responses to exercise on land and in water following glucose ingestion
119. The role of exercise in mitigating subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment
120. High Amounts of Sitting, Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Low Physical Activity Levels: 3 Key Ingredients in the Recipe for Influencing Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence
121. Associations Between Bicycling for Transportation and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Among Minneapolis–Saint Paul Area Commuters: A Cross-Sectional Study in Working-Age Adults
122. Aerobic exercise promotes executive functions and impacts functional neural activity among older adults with vascular cognitive impairment
123. Effect of Mediterranean Diet Components on Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome
124. Physical Activity and Fatigue among Pediatric Nurses in a Special Care Unit
125. Obim i intenzitet motorne aktivnosti na časovima fizičkog vaspitanja
126. Influence of the level of physical activity on physical fitness, lipid profile and health outcomes in overweight/obese adults with similar nutritional status
127. Clinical Roundup: Selected Treatment Options for Metabolic Syndrome
128. Pharmabiotics as an Emerging Medication for Metabolic Syndrome and Its Related Diseases
129. Self-reported health and behavioral factors are associated with metabolic syndrome in Americans aged 40 and over
130. Interplay between proteins and metabolic syndrome–A review
131. Arginine and aerobic training prevent endothelial and metabolic alterations in rats at high risk for the development of the metabolic syndrome
132. Chronic Fructose Ingestion as a Major Health Concern: Is a Sedentary Lifestyle Making It Worse? A Review
133. “Metabolically healthy” obesity: Prevalence, clinical features and association with myocardial ischaemia
134. Combined effect of coffee ingestion and repeated bouts of low‐intensity exercise on fat oxidation
135. Effects of Different Exercise Modes on the Urinary Metabolic Fingerprint of Men with and without Metabolic Syndrome
136. Physical Activity Contributes to Several Sleep–Cardiometabolic Health Relationships
137. Body Composition and Metabolic Syndrome Components on Lipodystrophy Different Subtypes Associated with HIV
138. The Effects of Exercise Training on the Traditional Lipid Profile and Beyond
139. Activity monitoring using a mHealth device and correlations with psychopathology in patients with chronic schizophrenia
140. Serum metabolic biomarkers distinguish metabolically healthy peripherally obese from unhealthy centrally obese individuals
141. The functional and clinical outcomes of exercise training following a very low energy diet for severely obese women: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
142. A STUDY OF NON-ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME ABNORMALITIES
143. Effects of a moderately high-protein diet and interval aerobic training combined with strength-endurance exercise on markers of bone metabolism, microarchitecture and turnover in obese Zucker rats
144. Review on Exercise Intervention Methods for Weight Loss in Obese Individuals
145. Healthy obesity as an intermediate state of risk: a critical review
146. Cardiac conditioning for healthy individuals: primary prevention of heart disease
147. Nutritional interventions for survivors of childhood cancer
148. The Relationship Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Aortic Stiffness in Women with Central Obesity
149. Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Associated with Markers of Insulin Resistance in Young, Normal Weight, Hispanic Women
150. Metabolic syndrome update
151. Ipertensione ed esercizio fisico
152. Low levels of physical activity and metabolic syndrome: cross-sectional study in the Brazilian public health system
153. Beneficial Effect of Moderate Exercise in Kidney of Rat after Chronic Consumption of Cola Drinks
154. Does the fat-but-fit paradigm hold true for all-cause mortality when considering the duration of overweight/obesity? Analyzing the WATCH (Weight, Activity and Time Contributes to Health) paradigm
155. Smart Belt : A wearable device for managing abdominal obesity
156. Relationship Between Physical Activity and Locomotive Syndrome After a 3-Month Exercise Intervention of Walking and Stair Climbing in Elderly Japanese Individuals
157. The relationship between physical activity levels and metabolic syndrome in male white-collar workers
158. Evaluation of a comprehensive intervention with a behavioural modification strategy for childhood obesity prevention: a nonrandomized cluster controlled trial
159. Effects of 1-year yoga on cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged and older adults with metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial
160. Quality assessment of economic evaluations of health promotion programs for children and adolescents—a systematic review using the example of physical activity
161. Levels and Patterns of Objectively Assessed Physical Activity and Compliance with Different Public Health Guidelines in University Students
162. Excess Metabolic Syndrome Risks Among Women Health Workers Compared With Men
163. Effects of Endurance Training at the Crossover Point in Women with Metabolic Syndrome
164. Workplace health programme among individuals with metabolic syndrome
165. Healthy obesity and objective physical activity
166. Voluntary Exercise Can Ameliorate Insulin Resistance by Reducing iNOS-Mediated S-Nitrosylation of Akt in the Liver in Obese Rats
167. Physical Activity, Fitness, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer with a History of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
168. Effects of a 12-Week Hatha Yoga Intervention on Metabolic Risk and Quality of Life in Hong Kong Chinese Adults with and without Metabolic Syndrome
169. Skeletal muscle microvascular function in girls with Turner syndrome
170. The effect of the self-measurement frequency levels on SmartCare obesity management
171. Summary, Perspective, and Direction for Future Studies
172. Australian and New Zealand Society for Geriatric Medicine
173. Exploring the views of parents regarding dietary habits of their young cancer-surviving children
174. Diet and Physical Activity in Relation to Metabolic Syndrome among Urban Indian Men and Women
175. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Metabolic Syndrome Among South Korean Adults
176. Effects of the High Calorie Diet on the Development of Chronic Visceral Disease
177. Physical activity patterns and metabolic syndrome in Costa Rica
178. Use of a Web-Based Physical Activity Record System to Analyze Behavior in a Large Population: Cross-Sectional Study
179. The Effectiveness of Mobile Phone-Based Care for Weight Control in Metabolic Syndrome Patients: Randomized Controlled Trial
180. Intensity of bouted and sporadic physical activity and the metabolic syndrome in adults
181. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour in relation to cardiometabolic risk in children: cross-sectional findings from the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) Study
182. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Leisure-time physical activity and the risk of metabolic syndrome: meta-analysis
183. Influence of Aerobic Training and Detraining on Serum BDNF, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Risk Factors in Middle-Aged Men Diagnosed With Metabolic Syndrome
184. Combined effect of physical activity and leisure time sitting on long-term risk of incident obesity and metabolic risk factor clustering
185. Potential Transferability of Economic Evaluations of Programs Encouraging Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents across Different Countries—A Systematic Review of the Literature
186. The effect of education on lifestyle changes and metabolic syndrome components
187. Cut Points of Muscle Strength Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Men
188. Insulin Sensitivity Following Exercise Interventions
189. Promoting healthy computer use: timing-informed computer health animations for prolonged sitting computer users
190. Sleep quality and the metabolic syndrome: the role of sleep duration and lifestyle
191. Response to “Other Factors Ought to Be Kept in Mind When Analyzing Plasma Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Levels”
192. Health and Physical Activity
193. The Effects of Diet, Exercise, and Sleep on Brain Metabolism and Function
194. Effect of Exercise on Oxidative Stress in Neurological Disorders
195. The neuropathology of sport
196. Role of Exercise Training on Autonomic Changes and Inflammatory Profile Induced by Myocardial Infarction
197. An Expert Fitness Diagnosis System Based on Elastic Cloud Computing
198. Sporadic and Bouted Physical Activity and the Metabolic Syndrome in Adults
199. Effects of a Walking Program on Self-management and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Older Korean Adults
200. Association of Leisure Time Physical Activity and Metabolic Syndrome over 40 Years
201. A lifestyle intervention supported by mobile health technologies to improve the cardiometabolic risk profile of individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: study rationale and protocol
202. Objectively measured light-intensity lifestyle activity and sedentary time are independently associated with metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study of Japanese adults
203. Different modalities of exercise to reduce visceral fat mass and cardiovascular risk in metabolic syndrome: the RESOLVE* randomized trial
204. Primary prevention of metabolic syndrome in the community using an evidence-based exercise program
205. Healthier Dietary Pattern and Lower Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Physically Active Postmenopausal Women
206. Exercise after diagnosis and metabolic syndrome among breast cancer survivors: a report from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Survival Study
207. Metabolic syndrome and associated chronic kidney diseases: Nutritional interventions
208. Association between physical activity and metabolic syndrome in older adults in
K
orea: Analysis of data from the
K
orean
N
ational
H
ealth and
N
utrition
E
xamination
S
urvey
IV
209. Associations among work‐related stress, cortisol, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome
210. Concurrent Physical Activity Modifies the Association between n3 Long-Chain Fatty Acids and Cardiometabolic Risk in Midlife Adults
211. Is the frequency of weekly moderate-to-vigorous physical activity associated with the metabolic syndrome in Canadian adults?
212. Physical Activity and Risk of Lymphoma: A Meta-Analysis
213. The metabolic syndrome and its components in postmenopausal women
214. Dose-response association between physical activity and metabolic syndrome
215. Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Its Association With Metabolic Risk Factors in Iranian Adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, 2005–2008
216. The Impact of Obesity on Urine Composition and Nephrolithiasis Management
217. SenseWear-Determined Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior and Metabolic Syndrome
218. A STUDY OF NON ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME
219. Lifestyle as a Risk Factor for Metabolic Syndrome and Neurological Disorders
220. Lifestyle Intervention: Prevention of Complications to the Metabolic Syndrome
221. Aging, Nutrition and Lifestyle
222. Physical Fitness in Children Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Associations with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
223. Does Regular Exercise without Weight Loss Reduce Insulin Resistance in Children and Adolescents?
224. Lifestyle-Based Physical Activity Intervention for One Year Improves Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight Male Employees
225. Low Levels of Physical Activity Are Associated with Increased Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors in Korean Adults
226. Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on Serum Sex Hormone Binding Globulin, Body Fat Index, and Metabolic Syndrome Factors in Obese Postmenopausal Women
227. Frailty in older inpatients: what physicians need to know
228. Association Between Lifting Weights and Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults
229. Vigorous intensity physical activity is related to the metabolic syndrome independent of the physical activity dose
230. Depression, Stress and How They are Related with Health Behaviors and Metabolic Syndrome among Women Over 40 Years
231. Lifestyle Habits and Physical Capacity in Patients with Moderate or Severe Metabolic Syndrome
232. Prevalence and Determinants of Metabolic Syndrome among Women in Chinese Rural Areas
233. Increased Leisure-Time Physical Activity is Associated With Lower Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in 64-Year Old Women With Impaired Glucose Tolerance
234. Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases
235. Can a Trial of Motivational Lifestyle Counseling be Effective for Controlling Childhood Obesity and the Associated Cardiometabolic Risk Factors?
236. Effects of a 12-Month Physical Activity Intervention on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Elderly Men and Women
237. Nutritional interventions for survivors of childhood cancer
238. Total Physical Activity Volume, Physical Activity Intensity, and Metabolic Syndrome: 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
239. Descriptive analysis of resistance exercise and metabolic syndrome
240. Intensity versus duration of physical activity: implications for the metabolic syndrome. A prospective cohort study
241. Validation of Web-Based Physical Activity Measurement Systems Using Doubly Labeled Water
242. Adding Diet and Exercise Counseling to the Health Promotion Plan Alleviates Anthropometric and Metabolic Complications in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
243. How do different types of physical activity affect mode?
244. Older Adults' Participation in a Community-Based Falls Prevention Exercise Program: Relationships Between the EASY Tool, Program Attendance, and Health Outcomes
245. Metabolic risk factors, physical activity and physical fitness in azorean adolescents: a cross-sectional study
246. Association between physical activity and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Japanese: a cross-sectional study
247. Even low level of physical activity is associated with reduced mortality among people with metabolic syndrome, a population based study (the HUNT 2 study, Norway)
248. Does the Fractionalization of Daily Physical Activity (Sporadic vs. Bouts) Impact Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Youth?
249. Effects of a three‐month combined exercise programme on fibroblast growth factor 21 and fetuin‐A levels and arterial stiffness in obese women
250. Pode o peso ao nascer influenciar o estado nutricional, os níveis de atividade física e a aptidão física relacionada à saúde de crianças e jovens?
251. Physical Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Stroke
252. Comparison of Aerobic Versus Resistance Exercise Training Effects on Metabolic Syndrome (from the Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention Through Defined Exercise - STRRIDE-AT/RT)
253. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an elderly Croatian population – a multicentre study
254. Voluntary Wheel Running Reverses Age-Induced Changes in Hippocampal Gene Expression
255. Increasing Leisure Time Physical Activity is Associated With Less Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Healthy Middle-Aged Men
256. Differential vulnerability of skeletal muscle feed arteries to dysfunction in insulin resistance: impact of fiber type and daily activity
257. Sedentary Activity Associated With Metabolic Syndrome Independent of Physical Activity
258. Lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors in 2001 child–parent pairs: The PEP Family Heart Study
259. Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and arterial stiffness in men with the metabolic syndrome
260. Consequences of physical inactivity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
261. Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Among U.S. Workers
262. Clustering of leptin and physical activity with components of metabolic syndrome in Iranian population: an exploratory factor analysis
263. Insulin resistance syndrome blunts the mitochondrial anabolic response following resistance exercise
264. Leisure-Time Physical Activity and the Metabolic Syndrome in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study
265. A Systematic Account of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy of Metabolic Syndrome: Things We Need to Know
266. Beneficial effects of exercise training after myocardial infarction require full eNOS expression
267. An Elevated Level of Physical Activity Is Associated With Normal Lipoprotein(a) Levels in Individuals From Maracaibo, Venezuela
268. Frailty, Body Mass Index, and Abdominal Obesity in Older People
269. Economic Evaluation and Transferability of Physical Activity Programmes in Primary Prevention: A Systematic Review
270. The length–tension relationship of human dorsiflexor and plantarflexor muscles after spinal cord injury
271. Perspective: Does brown fat protect against diseases of aging?
272. Management of Schizophrenia with Obesity, Metabolic, and Endocrinological Disorders
273. Effects of strength and endurance training on metabolic risk factors in healthy 40–65‐year‐old men
274. The association of levels of physical activity with metabolic syndrome in rural Australian adults
275. Physical activity and risk of Metabolic Syndrome in an urban Mexican cohort
276. Extremely short duration high intensity interval training substantially improves insulin action in young healthy males
277. Review of Exercise and the Risk of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
278. Effects of a Low Carbohydrate Weight Loss Diet on Exercise Capacity and Tolerance in Obese Subjects
279. Association between physical activity and metabolic syndrome in Iranian adults: national surveillance of risk factors of noncommunicable diseases (SuRFNCD-2007)
280. Resistance Training Does Not Contribute to Improving the Metabolic Profile after a 6-Month Weight Loss Program in Overweight and Obese Postmenopausal Women
281. The effect of physical exercise and caloric restriction on the components of metabolic syndrome
282. Motivation zur Bewegung – Eine Umfrage in einem zentraleuropäischen Staat
283. Comparison of aerobic exercise capacity and muscle strength in overweight women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome
284. The role of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase and phosphatidic acid in the regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin following eccentric contractions
285. Consumo de sódio e síndrome metabólica: uma revisão sistemática
286. Body composition, fitness, and metabolic health during strength and endurance training and their combination in middle-aged and older women
287. Comparable reduction of the visceral adipose tissue depot after a diet-induced weight loss with or without aerobic exercise in obese subjects: a 12-week randomized intervention study
288. Effects of a Low Carbohydrate Weight Loss Diet on Exercise Capacity and Tolerance in Obese Subjects
289. Prediction of Leisure‐time Physical Activity Among Obese Individuals
290. Metabolic syndrome in people with schizophrenia: a review
291. Prevalence and Determinants of Metabolic Syndrome According to Three Definitions in Middle-Aged Chinese Men
292. Beneficial effects of individualized physical activity on prescription on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors: results from a randomized controlled trial
293. Association Between Recent Sports Activity, Sports Activity in Young Adulthood, and Stroke
294. Sujets « métaboliquement obèses » de poids normal. Seconde partie: pronostic et prise en charge
295. Having knowledge of metabolic syndrome: Does the meaning and consequences of the risk factors influence the life situation of Swedish adults?
296. Capacidade aeróbia de ratos alimentados com dieta rica em frutose
297. Healthy lifestyle interventions in general practice
298. Central adiposity and associated lifestyle factors in Cree children
299. Continuous glucose monitoring counseling improves physical activity behaviors of individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial
300. Impact of Social Support Intensity on Walking in the Severely Obese: A Randomized Clinical Trial
301. Physical Activity, Heart Rate, Metabolic Profile, and Estradiol in Premenopausal Women
302. The Mediterranean food pattern: a good recipe for patients with the metabolic syndrome
303. Body Composition and Fitness during Strength and/or Endurance Training in Older Men
304. Associations of Sleep Status and Metabolic Syndrome on Leukocyte Count
305. Aandachtspunten bij een beweegprogramma diabetes mellitus type 2
306. Interaction of single nucleotide polymorphisms in ADRB2, ADRB3, TNF, IL6, IGF1R, LIPC, LEPR, and GHRL with physical activity on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and changes in characteristics of the metabolic syndrome: The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study
307. Metabolic Syndrome Status Changes with Fitness Level Change: A Retrospective Analysis
308. Systemic and mitochondrial adaptive responses to moderate exercise in rodents
309. Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Strongly Related to the Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents
310. Prévention et traitement du syndrome métabolique: rôle de l'activité physique
311. Cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic syndrome: US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002
View Options
Login options
Check if you access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.
Subscribe
Click on the button below to subscribe to Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism