Anchorage of coniferous trees in relation to species, soil type, and rooting depth
Abstract
A database was constructed of tree-anchorage measurements from almost 2000 trees from 12 conifer species that were mechanically overturned on 34 sites in the United Kingdom between 1960 and 2000. Anchorage was compared among species, soil groups (freely-draining mineral, gleyed mineral, peaty mineral, and deep peat) and root depth classes (shallow, <40 cm; medium, 40–80 cm; and deep, >80 cm) using regressions of critical turning moment against stem mass. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) was used as a benchmark because it formed the largest part of the database and was the only species with all soil-group and depth-class combinations. Anchorage of Sitka spruce was strongest on peat and poorest on gleyed mineral soils. Deep rooting increased critical turning moments by 10%–15% compared with trees of equivalent mass with shallower roots. Significantly better anchorage than Sitka spruce was found for grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.), with various rooting depths on freely draining and gleyed mineral soils and for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on medium-depth mineral soil. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) had poorer anchorage than Sitka spruce over a range of soil groups and root depth classes. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on shallow gleyed mineral soil, and Corsican pine (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio (Poir.) Maire) on medium depth mineral soil, also had poorer anchorage. Other combinations had similar anchorage to the equivalent Sitka spruce. These results are discussed with respect to the development of forest wind-risk models.
Résumé
Une base de données a été construite à partir de mesures d'ancrage de près de 2000 arbres appartenant à douze espèces de conifères qui ont été déracinés mécaniquement sur trente-quatre sites au Royaume-Uni entre 1960 et 2000. L'ancrage a été comparé entre les espèces, les groupes de sol (sol minéral bien drainé, sol minéral gleyifié, sol minéral tourbeux, tourbe) et les classes de profondeur d'enracinement (< 40 cm « mince », 40–80 cm « moyen » et > 80 cm « profond ») en utilisant des régressions entre le moment critique en flexion et la masse de la tige. L'épinette de Sitka (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) a été utilisée comme référence puisqu'elle constituait la majorité de la base de données et qu'elle était la seule espèce représentée dans toutes les combinaisons de groupes de sol et de classes de profondeur d'enracinement. Le meilleur ancrage de l'épinette de Sitka a été observé sur la tourbe alors que le moins bon a été observé sur les sols minéraux gleyifiés. Un enracinement profond a augmenté les moments critiques de 10 à 15 % en comparaison avec des arbres de masse semblable dotés d'un enracinement plus superficiel. Un ancrage significativement supérieur à celui de l'épinette de Sitka a été noté pour le sapin grandissime (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.), avec diverses profondeurs d'enracinement sur des sols bien drainés ou des sols minéraux gleyifiés, ainsi que pour le douglas de Menzies (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) sur des sols minéraux d'épaisseur moyenne. Le pin tordu (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) avait un moins bon ancrage que l'épinette de Sitka pour une gamme de groupes de sol et de classes de profondeur d'enracinement. L'épicéa commun (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) sur sol minéral mince gleyifié, de même que le pin laricio (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio (Poir.) Maire) sur sol minéral d'épaisseur moyenne, avaient aussi un moins bon ancrage. Les autres combinaisons avaient des ancrages comparables à celui de l'épinette de Sitka. Ces résultats sont discutés en lien avec le développement de modèles de prédiction du risque de dommages par le vent en forêt.[Traduit par la Rédaction]
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Published In
Canadian Journal of Forest Research
Volume 36 • Number 7 • July 2006
Pages: 1871 - 1883
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Version of record online: 9 February 2011
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Bruce C Nicoll, Barry A Gardiner, Bill Rayner, and Andrew J Peace. 2006. Anchorage of coniferous trees in relation to species, soil type, and rooting depth. Canadian Journal of Forest Research.
36(7): 1871-1883. https://doi.org/10.1139/x06-072
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