Hydrogen gas: from clinical medicine to an emerging ergogenic molecule for sports athletes
Publication: Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
10 April 2019
Abstract
H2 has been clinically demonstrated to provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which makes it an attractive agent in exercise medicine. Although exercise provides a multiplicity of benefits including decreased risk of disease, it can also have detrimental effects. For example, chronic high-intensity exercise in elite athletes, or sporadic bouts of exercise (i.e., noxious exercise) in untrained individuals, result in similar pathological factors such as inflammation, oxidation, and cellular damage that arise from and result in disease. Paradoxically, exercise-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species largely mediate the benefits of exercise. Ingestion of conventional antioxidants and anti-inflammatories often impairs exercise-induced training adaptations. Disease and noxious forms of exercise promote redox dysregulation and chronic inflammation, changes that are mitigated by H2 administration. Beneficial exercise and H2 administration promote cytoprotective hormesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, ATP production, increased NAD+/NADH ratio, cytoprotective phase II enzymes, heat-shock proteins, sirtuins, etc. We review the biomedical effects of exercise and those of H2, and we propose that hydrogen may act as an exercise mimetic and redox adaptogen, potentiate the benefits from beneficial exercise, and reduce the harm from noxious exercise. However, more research is warranted to elucidate the potential ergogenic and therapeutic effects of H2 in exercise medicine.
Graphical Abstract
Résumé
Des données cliniques ont montré que l’H2 a des effets antioxydants et anti-inflammatoires, ce qui en fait un agent attrayant en médecine de l’exercice physique. Bien que l’exercice physique offre une multitude de bienfaits, y compris une diminution du risque de maladie, il peut aussi avoir des effets délétères. Par exemple, les effets de l’exercice physique de haute intensité de manière prolongée chez les athlètes d’élite, ou de pointes sporadiques d’exercice physique — c’est-à-dire de l’exercice physique nocif — chez des personnes non entraînées, se résument à des facteurs pathologiques similaires comme l’inflammation, l’oxydation et des dommages cellulaires, lesquels entraînent des maladies ou en sont le résultat. Paradoxalement, les cytokines pro-inflammatoires et les dérivés réactifs de l’oxygène produits pendant l’exercice physique contribuent largement à la médiation des bienfaits de l’exercice physique. En outre, l’ingestion d’antioxydants et d’anti-inflammatoires classiques nuit souvent aux modes d’action d’adaptation à l’entraînement mis en jeu pendant l’exercice physique. De fait, la maladie et les formes nocives d’exercice physique favorisent le dérèglement redox et l’inflammation chronique, changements pourtant atténués par l’administration d’H2. Effectivement, l’exercice physique bénéfique et l’administration d’H2 favorisent l’hormèse cytoprotectrice, la biogenèse mitochondriale, la production d’ATP, l’augmentation du ratio NAD+/NADH, les enzymes cytoprotecteurs de phase II, les protéines de choc thermique, les sirtuines, etc. En résumé, nous offrons une synthèse des effets biomédicaux de l’exercice physique et de ceux de l’H2, et nous proposons que l’hydrogène puisse agir en tant que mimétique de l’exercice physique et d’adaptogène redox, potentialiser les bienfaits de l’exercice physique bénéfique et atténuer les dommages causés par l’exercice physique nocif. Il serait cependant justifié de procéder à plus de recherches en vue d’élucider les effets ergogènes et thérapeutiques de l’H2 en médecine de l’exercice physique. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
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Published In
Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
Volume 97 • Number 9 • September 2019
Pages: 797 - 807
History
Received: 1 February 2019
Accepted: 27 March 2019
Accepted manuscript online: 10 April 2019
Version of record online: 10 April 2019
Notes
This paper is part of a Special Issue of selected papers from the 5th European Section Meeting of the International Academy of Cardiovascular Sciences held in Smolenice, Slovakia, on 23–26 May 2018.
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© 2019.
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Tyler W. LeBaron, Ismail Laher, Branislav Kura, and Jan Slezak. 2019. Hydrogen gas: from clinical medicine to an emerging ergogenic molecule for sports athletes. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology.
97(9): 797-807. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2019-0067
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