Cascading community and ecosystem consequences of introduced coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) in tropical islands

Publication: Canadian Journal of Zoology
23 December 2016

Abstract

Biological invasions are a pervasive and dominant form of anthropogenic disturbance. However, we seldom have the opportunity to evaluate the long-term, indirect, and often slow-moving cascading effects of invasions at the community and ecosystem scale. Here we synthesize the collective knowledge from 10 years of study on the influence of the deep historical introduction of coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L.) across a series of islets at Palmyra Atoll. Through a suite of pathways, we find this palm drives near-complete ecosystem state change when it becomes dominant. Abiotic conditions are transformed, with major soil nutrients 2.7–11.5 times lower and water stress 15% elevated in palm-dominated forests compared with native forest. Faunal communities are likewise dramatically altered, not only in composition but also in behavior, body size, and body condition. Biotic interactions, including herbivory rates, palatability, and seed predation, are likewise changed. Cumulatively, these changes transform food webs, leading to dramatically shortened and simplified food chains in invaded ecosystems. Many of these changes appear to create slow-acting feedback loops that favor the palm at the expense of native species. Given the widespread nature of this historical introduction, many island and coastal regions of tropical oceans may be similarly transformed.

Résumé

Les invasions biologiques constituent une forme omniprésente et dominante de perturbation humaine. Les occasions d’en évaluer les effets de cascade indirects à long terme et souvent lents à l’échelle de la communauté et de l’écosystème sont toutefois rares. Nous présentons une synthèse des connaissances collectives découlant de 10 années d’étude sur l’influence de l’introduction historique profonde de cocotiers communs (Cocos nucifera L.) sur une série d’îlots dans l’atoll Palmyra. Nous constatons que, par l’entremise d’un ensemble de voies, cet arbre entraîne un changement presque complet de l’état de l’écosystème quand il devient dominant. Les conditions abiotiques sont transformées, les concentrations des principaux éléments nutritifs du sol étant de 2,7 à 11,5 fois plus faibles et le stress hydrique était 15 % plus grand dans les forêts dominées par les cocotiers que dans les forêts naturelles. Les communautés fauniques sont aussi considérablement modifiées, non seulement sur le plan de la composition, mais également du comportement, de la taille du corps et de l’embonpoint. Les interactions biotiques, y compris les taux d’herbivorie, la palatabilité et la granivorie, sont également modifiées. Combinés, ces changements transforment les réseaux trophiques, produisant des chaînes alimentaires considérablement raccourcies et simplifiées dans les écosystèmes envahis. Bon nombre de ces changements semblent créer des boucles de rétroaction lentes qui favorisent le cocotier au détriment d’espèces indigènes. Étant donné le caractère répandu de cette introduction historique, de nombreuses régions insulaires et côtières des océans tropicaux pourraient être transformées de manière semblable. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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cover image CJZ Virtual Special Issues
Canadian Journal of Zoology
Volume 01Number 01April 2017
Pages: 139 - 148

History

Received: 4 May 2016
Accepted: 7 September 2016
Accepted manuscript online: 23 December 2016
Version of record online: 23 December 2016

Notes

This review is one of a series of invited papers arising from the symposium “Large, landscape-level ecological disturbances / Larges perturbations à l’échelle des paysages” that was co-sponsored by the Canadian Society of Zoologists and the Canadian Journal of Zoology and held during the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society of Zoologists at the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 25–29 May 2015.

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Key Words

  1. invasive species
  2. introduced species
  3. historical introductions
  4. ecological cascades
  5. bottom-up processes
  6. ecological harbingers
  7. spatial subsidies
  8. Cocos nucifera

Mots-clés

  1. espèce envahissante
  2. espèce introduite
  3. introductions historiques
  4. cascades écologiques
  5. processus ascendants
  6. présage écologique
  7. apports spatiaux
  8. Cocos nucifera

Authors

Affiliations

Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
A. Miller-ter Kuile
Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
D.J. McCauley
Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
R. Dirzo
Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

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